Since the pandemic, the TTC has started doing more regular and detailed scans of subway tracks for various defects and deformities that could damage infrastructure, trains, and potentially create safety hazards including derailments — probably spurred on by the derailment on the Scarborough RT, which was notably in a poor state of repair and being maintained not to ensure high-quality service in the long run, but to keep it operating long enough for a subway replacement to be up and running. These scans have directly led to an enormous increase in “slow zones”, where trains reduce speed to operate over sections of track with said defects. However, with a latest raft of them (which we were warned about) massively expanding the portions of the subway network currently under slow zones to the point where it feels like 20%+ of the network is running at reduced speeds, it's worth looking again at this important and super frustrating issue, what can potentially be done about it, and ask ourselves why our leaders are doing so little about it publicly.

Toronto Transit Slow Zones as of July 10, 2025, image by the TTC

It's obviously good that the TTC is doing more regular and in-depth scans of its infrastructure. However, if the outcome of this is not a more reliable system in a state where defects are rapidly repaired and slow zones are rare, then passengers are simply going to feel like their rides have gotten worse for no reason. We had fewer slow zones before the pandemic, service was reliable, and derailments (while unfortunately not unheard of) were not happening to trains in passenger service — at least on the subway network.

There's also the frustrating reality of weekend subway shutdowns. Weekend shutdowns essentially didn't happen before Andy Byford’s time as TTC CEO, and now it feels like they happen most weekends. Much like with infrastructure scans, I think shutdowns for infrastructure improvements are potentially a good thing. However, it's hard to feel good about shutdowns becoming more and more common as infrastructure seems to get into a worse and worse state of repair. To some extent, Toronto probably eventually should do some longer shutdowns where even more work gets done — such projects aren't uncommon in cities like Paris and London, where sometimes during summer months you'll see a line go down for several weeks at a time. That being said, there's obviously tension here because Toronto has a much less developed rapid transit system. 

Subway service on the weekend of June 21-22, 2025, image by the TTC

I think it's underrated the extent to which new lines like the Eglinton Crosstown, Ontario line, and frequent GO service will make shutdowns more palatable — because they will create fully-connected alternate routes for much of the subway network (which down the line can sub in for these new lines when they need their own major overhauls) — but it's also something we need to be thinking about before we shut down huge sections of the network, and only have hourly GO service and no subway alternatives. 

You can imagine, for example, shutting down the Spadina line section in the median of Allen Road and suggesting people take the Barrie line to the Eglinton Crosstown instead. But that isn't a reasonable thing to do until the Barrie line is running every 15 minutes, which is clearly still a long way off.

There is also the constant concern of maintenance efficiency. I wrote an entire blog post on the topic, but suffice to say, one does have to be careful about always answering maintenance problems with more shutdowns, especially given more shutdowns historically and in the recent past seems to be pretty weakly correlated with subway speed performance. There's always the risk that extra time to do maintenance leads to more time doing the same maintenance tasks instead of getting more done, especially since while subway maintenance is absolutely doable (most subways in the world do not seemed to be plagued by Toronto levels of slow zones); it is also high pressure given the limited time available. 

As has been the case since the TTC has been releasing maps of the slow zones which currently apply on the network, slow zones seem particularly concentrated in areas of the network on ballasted track. This includes the section of Line 1 running down the middle of Allen Road, which has gone from a regular demonstration of public transit’s power as subway trains carrying hundreds fly by cars, to one of its mismanagement, as trains filled with hundreds trundle along passed by cars at modest speed. Another place where slow zones have been near constant is in the tight curves on Line 1 as it turns from north-south to east-west, and back to north-south at Union and at St George. 

In both cases, it's helpful to remind ourselves that a city like London has older lines with similarly tight curves, and an order of magnitude more track on ballast. In the case of tight curves, that might mean we have something to learn about maintenance, and in the case of ballasted track, it might leave us in a tight spot. You see, Toronto’s subway system has several ballasted track sections, but perhaps not enough to justify getting good at maintaining this type of trackway (unlike London — they have well over 100 route kilometres on ballast), perhaps then the solution for this particular problem is replacing what little ballasted track we have with more expensive but lower maintenance slab track. The TTC also clearly should have more in-house maintenance and track condition analysis capacity — and the funding to secure the staff and equipment to do this efficiently should be delivered.

A subway train heads south to Glencairn station on ballasted track, image by Reece Martin

That being said, it's not clear what Toronto's politicians at all levels of government will actually deliver. The sorry state of repair of the subway is nothing new, and has not gotten much better in the years since. Clearly Toronto has had a problem with sticking to the cutting edge of transit technology, and even internationally-recognized best practices like platform screen doors, but we seem to have broken new ground with the active and severe decline in service we've seen with the slow zones. 

What's been enlightening is that the slow zone problem growing so significantly has happened at a time that road congestion in central Toronto has been elevated — largely due to construction on the Gardiner Expressway. While politicians have fallen over each other to talk road “congestion” and try to come up with solutions of all kinds, even at the expense of transit riders and hard-fought transit priority, there have been crickets as far as solutions to slow zones go. This is despite over a million Torontonians using the TTC subway every day, actually reducing congestion, air pollution, and not eating up enormous swathes of the city with road space and parking. Unlike urban road congestion — which is unsolvable as problems come — we know what is needed to fix the TTC: more funds for equipment and maintenance, and far better and more focused management. The day Toronto gains a class of politicians interested in solving this critical, and specifically urban problem, will be a special one.

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Reece Martin is a well-known advocate for good transit, worldwide. He is based in Toronto and blogs at nextmetro.substack.

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UrbanToronto will continue to follow progress on this development, but in the meantime, you can learn more about it from our Database file, linked below. If you'd like, you can join in on the conversation in the associated Line 5 and Line 6 Forum threads, or leave a comment in the space provided on this page.

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UrbanToronto has a research service, UTPro, that provides comprehensive data on development projects in the Greater Golden Horseshoe — from proposal through to completion. We also offer Instant Reports, downloadable snapshots based on location, and a daily subscription newsletter, New Development Insider, that tracks projects from initial application.​​​